Wednesday, 29 July 2015
राष्ट्रीय आय के अनंतिम अनुमान, 2014-15
द्वितीय द्वैमासिक मौद्रिक नीति, 2015-16
अपूर्वा : मुर्राह भैंस की क्लोन कटड़ी
अपूर्वा : मुर्राह भैंस की क्लोन कटड़ी
किसी भी जीव का प्रतिरूप बनाना ही क्लोनिंग कहलाता है। क्लोन एक ऐसी जैविक रचना है, जो मात्र जनक (माता या पिता) से गैर-लैंगिक विधि द्वारा उत्पादित होती है। क्लोन शारीरिक एवं आनुवांशिक रूप से अपने जनक के पूर्णतः समरूप होता है। क्लोनिंग को लेकर भारत में शोधकर्ताओं का उद्देश्य पूरी तरह स्पष्ट है। वैज्ञानिकों का मानना है कि मवेशियों की क्लोनिंग से उच्च कोटि की नस्लें उत्पन्न की जा सकेंगी और वह भी बिना किसी आनुवांशिक गुण की हानि के। इस क्लोनिंग का सबसे बड़ा फायदा डेयरी क्षेत्र को होगा और लंबे समय तक दूध देने वाली अच्छी नस्ल की भैंसों की संख्या में वृद्धि हो सकेगी। उल्लेखनीय है कि विश्व भर में भारत में भैंसों की संख्या सबसे अधिक है जो देश के कुल दूध उत्पादन में 55 प्रतिशत का सहयोग कर रही हैं लेकिन अच्छी नस्ल की भैंसों की संख्या सीमित है और इसे तुरंत तेजी से बढ़ाए जाने की आवश्यकता है।
- 5 फरवरी, 2015 को करनाल स्थित 'राष्ट्रीय डेरी अनुसंधान संस्थान' (NDRI) के वैज्ञानिकों ने क्लोनिंग के जरिए एक 'कटड़ी' (Female Calf) का जन्म कराने में सफलता प्राप्त की है।
- 'हस्त-निर्देशित क्लोनिंग तकनीक' (Hand-guided Cloning Technique) के माध्यम से उत्पन्न इस क्लोन कटड़ी का नाम 'अपूर्वा' (APURVA) रखा गया है।
- इस कटड़ी का जन्म सामान्य प्रसव से हुआ और जन्म के समय इसका वजन लगभग 37 किग्रा. था।
- यह नवजात कटड़ी एनडीआरआई के पशुधन फार्म की मुर्राह नस्ल की भैंस (MU-5345) की क्लोन है।
- उल्लेखनीय है कि एनडीआरआई के वैज्ञानिकों ने जिस भैंस के कान से कोशिकाएं लेकर 2 मई, 2014 को 'लालिमा' नामक क्लोन कटड़ी का जन्म कराया था, उसी भैंस के मूत्र (Urine) से 'दैहिक कोशिकाओं' (Somatic Cells) को अलग कर अपूर्वा को विकसित किया है।
- यह विश्व में मूत्र से ली गई दैहिक कोशिकाओं के माध्यम से क्लोन कटड़ी के विकास का पहला मामला है।
- उल्लेखनीय है कि जिस भैंस से कोशिकाओं को पृथक कर अपूर्वा नामक क्लोन विकसित किया गया है, उसने अपने तीसरे 'दुग्ध-काल' (Lactation Period) के दौरान 305 दिन के सामान्य काल में 2713 किग्रा. तथा 471 दिन के कुल स्तनपान काल में 3494 किग्रा. कुल दूध का उत्पादन किया था।
हस्त निर्देशित क्लोनिंग तकनीक
राष्ट्रीय डेरी अनुसंधान संस्थान के वैज्ञानिकों द्वारा विकसित हस्त निर्देशित क्लोनिंग तकनीक पारंपरिक क्लोनिंग तकनीक का उन्नत रूप है। इस तकनीक में अंडाशय से अपरिपक्व अंडे लेकर प्रयोगशाला में उन्हें परिपक्व किया जाता है। तत्पश्चात उनकी ऊपरी परत उतार कर उन्हें एंजाइम से उपचारित किया जाता है ताकि बाहरी परत 'जोना पेलुसिडा' (Zona pellucida) घुल जाए। फिर इन्हें रसायनों से उपचारित किया जाता है ताकि आनुवांशिक सामग्री एक जगह इकट्ठी हो सके। इस हिस्से को फिर हस्त द्वारा धारदार ब्लेड से काटकर मूल आनुवांशिक सामग्री को अलग किया जाता है। इन अंडों को भ्रूणीय स्टेम कोशिकाओं में से एकल कोशिका लेकर इलेक्ट्रोफ्यूज करके प्राप्त भ्रूणों का संवर्धन एवं विकास प्रयोगशाला में 6 से 7 दिनों तक किया जाता है ताकि ये 'ब्लास्टोसिस्ट की अवस्था' (Blastocyst Stage) तक आ सकें। इन ब्लास्टोसिस्ट का प्राप्तकर्ता भैंसों में स्थानांतरण करके ही क्लोन का जन्म कराया जाता है।
Sunday, 3 May 2015
WiKi Periodic table
Monday, 20 April 2015
bengali lesson 5/5
The vowel marks
The compound letters
To follow
Comments on the above
First of all, the letter that looks like a "y" in hindi is NOT a "z" in bangla, it is a harder "j", a sound not found in Hindi. there is no real "z" sound in bangla, the first "j" is used for a "z". Also, the "s" letter is pronounced like a softer "sh", though in a few words it is pronounced as an "s". I would recommend that you (if u don't mind my saying) write "s, sh" under that letter. And the vowels are different from Hindi to Bangla: the vowels are: aw (NOT the same sound as in Hindi, it is the sound in "hot" or "lot") aa (similar to Hindi) i (similar to Hindi) ee (similar to Hindi) u (similar to Hindi) oo (similar to Hindi) ri (similar to Hindi) e (similar to Hindi) oi (NOT the same as in Hindi, it is the sound in "loin" or "join") o (similar to Hindi) ou (NOT the same as in Hindi, no similar letter, it's just an "o" that becomes a "u" making an "ou" sound)
Sunday, 19 April 2015
bengali lesson 4/5
The next figure contains double letters - ie each sounds the same eg kk in chiKKen ( chicken) , LL in Jill etc. See if you can identify each doubled letter. The last three are not so obvious and so their corresponding letter is written as half size to help you identify them . The answer are at the bottom of the figure.
See if you can read these words using the above doubled letters .
The answers are A . Apple B . Jill C Anna D Chicken E Egg F Yddi ( If - Hindi) G Hajj H Abbot I Eddie J Atta ( flour - Hindi ) K Abrit't'i ( Recitation )
Note how the soft T' as in the word K- Aabrit't'i and the hard T as in Tom in the word J - Atta are made up from the single letters.
Lets look at numbers from 1 to 10 . These are used less and less being replaced by English numbers.
Here are compound letters made of two letters . Note the name of the compound is derived from the half letter at the top and half letter at the bottom - ulkaa meansa a meteor.
Here are some half letters which are often used to form compound letters of two or even three half letters. See if you can identify them . Some blanks have been filled . We need help in identifying and completing the compound letters below. If you can help please send an email to Ukindia for eg in fig 49h below the first letter would be 1. Short u , look , mulk etc. Please send the answers to all three figures 49h with its 50 letters , 49ia with 20 lettters and 49ja with 33 letters ( some eg 1 and 2 in the first figure, may be repeated) in the next three figures -in each case identifying the letter , then a short English word in which it might occur and a short Bengali word in which it is used. The answers should all be in English letters and should not take an expeienced Bengali reader more than 10 minutes to do. Your help will be acknowledged. With many thanks.
Answers are here given by Sameer (thank you very much Sameer ! ) . Note that some letters above are duplicated but for the moment we will leave it as is and you can use them as practice. Later on we will make some words using these half letters and vowel marks .
# sound location bangla word english 1- u underneath alu potato 2- u underneath same as above 3- u (after r) to the right rush Russia 4- uu underneath puurbaw east 5- uu underneath same as above 6- uu (after r) to the right duruuhaw difficult or ri (after h) to the right hridoy heart 7- ri underneath mrittu death 8- ri underneath same as above 9- e to the left desh nation 10- e to the left same as above 11- oi to the left moitraw friendship 12- oi to the left same as above 13- ou to the right moushumi monsoon 14- k (before t/r) to the right bækti (bekti) person 15- g on top rarely used 16- ng on top rarely used 17- ch on top achchha O.K. 18- j on top rarely used 19- n' to the right ushn'aw warm 20- n' on top kawn't'awk thorn 21- t underneath bæstaw busy 22- tu underneath kintu but 23- tr underneath strii woman 24- d underneath rarely used 25- dh underneath bouddhaw Buddhist 26- n on top jawnmaw birth 27- n (before # 21) on top antawrjatik international 28- n underneath prawshnaw question 29- n underneath same as above 30- p on top rarely used 31- b underneath ddiip (spelled dbiip) island 32- b underneath same as above 33- b underneath same as above 34- m on top lawmba long 35- m underneath atta (spelled atma) soul 36- æ to the right bæbawhar use 37- r underneath gram village 38- r underneath same as above 39- r underneath same as above 40- r underneath same as above 41- r on top dhawrmaw religion 42- l on top kawlpawna imagination 43- l underneath plabawn flood 44- l underneath same as above 45- sh on top rarely used 46- sh on top srisht'i creation 47- sh on top same as above 48- s on top sthan place 49- s on top same as above 50- punctuation mark that prevents the "aw" sound from coming after a consonantThe next compound letters next can be used to form more words .
Answers
2 kt 15 tt ( atta)
Here are some more compound letters , see if you can identify them
Answers 10 nn 12 pp( apple) 24 LL More to follow
Saturday, 18 April 2015
bengali lesson 3/5
And how these vowel marks modify the letter M
Lets look at five more letters. See if you can read the five words below them -some bits have been filled in
S as in Sum
THE as in THUs
T as in musT
TTH as in TThanda (cold in Hindi)
T' as in roTa ( crying in Hindi)
Here are the answers
Six more constants
GH as in GHee ( clarified butter) , a deep G sounded from the chest
D- hard D as in Dog
SHH- a deeper SH
AD- the tongue is rolled right back and then rolled rapidly forwards to just strike the tip of the hard palate
KH as in loCH THHE - a deeper THE from the chest
Here are the answers
Lets look at the final five consonants - there are examples of the way they sound in a mixture of English , Hindi and Benggali words after the letters. See if you can read them
The JH is a deep J from the chest
This n is exactly like the N in lunch
The Z as in English
The aDH is the tongue rolled right back as in aD and then rolled forwards except that the sound is made from the chest.
Finally the DDH which is D as in Dog but sounded from the chest
Here are the answers
Here are the detached vowels written on their own.
See if you can read these mixture of Bengali , Hindi and English words where each vowel is used once. The answers are at the bottom of the figure.
Apart from the 'AN' sound as in the English word cANt there are three other vowel marks.
The first is an NG sound as in the rUNg of a ladder .
The next one is an accent mark - sort of h sound .
The third one is a soft T
In the next lesson we will look at compound letters.
Friday, 17 April 2015
Bengali lesson 2/5
Here are the answers
Lets look at ten more letters. They are given below. Underneath them are words in which the letters are used. To help you the new letters are written and the English translation of the word they mean. See if you can work them out .
Here are the answers. Bengali is not an exact phonetic language. In fact the Bengalis tend to make use of a lot of the vowel mark O without writing it down . So this is how the words are pronounced in fact. For eg town ( ngr) is written as ngr but pronounced nogor.
Note as in Hindi there are quite a few different forms of N. Revise this lesson many times. If you can recognise all the letters , you have done half the Bengali letters already.
Thursday, 16 April 2015
Bengali lesson 1/5
Here are the letter B , NG , L and the vowel mark for AA and EE . See if you can read your first word in Bengali underneath the letters.
Answer
.
Of course its Baangaali ( Bengali) ! - bAAngAALEE is how the Bengalis say the word for their own tongue.
अ
|
आ
|
इ
|
ई
|
उ
|
ऊ
|
ए
|
অ
|
আ
|
ই
|
ঈ
|
উ
|
ঊ
|
এ
|
ऐ
|
ओ
|
औ
|
अं
|
अः
|
ऋ
|
|
ঐ
|
ও
|
ঔ
|
অং
|
অঃ
|
ঋ
|
Lets look at the vowel marks - the English pronounciation is given as an example in a word, eg the short i is as in the English word Miss
Lets take the letters M and N and add these vowel marks after the M . Note that although the AE and AAE sounds follow after the letter M , they are put before it .Note also that for the O and Au sounds to mark M there are two components of the vowel mark -one which is put before the letter and the other after. These are marked below.
Revise the vowel marks again
And how they modify M
It is important to go over the previous figures again and again until they are imprinted on your mind. Reading the vowel marks correctly is half the battle.
comments on the vowels
The vowels are different from Hindi to Bangla: aw (NOT the same sound as in Hindi, it is the sound in "hot" or "lot") aa (similar to Hindi) i (similar to Hindi) ee (similar to Hindi) u (similar to Hindi) oo (similar to Hindi) ri (similar to Hindi) e (similar to Hindi) oi (NOT the same as in Hindi, it is the sound in "loin" or "join") o (similar to Hindi) ou (NOT the same as in Hindi, no similar letter, it's just an "o" that becomes a "u" making an "ou" sound)
Thursday, 9 April 2015
Awards by Government of India 2015
Bharat Ratna 2014
Madan Mohan Malaviya
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
PADMA VIBHUSHAN
Public Affairs:
LK Advani
Prakash Singh Badal
Others:
Jagadguru Swami Rambhadracharya
Kottayan K. Venugopal
Public Affairs
Amitabh Bachchan
Art
Karim Al Hussaini Aga Khan
Trade and Industry
Malur Ramaswamy Srinivasan
Science and Engineering
Dilip Kumar
Arts
D. Veerendra Heggade
Social work
PADMA BHUSHAN
Literature and Education:
Swapan Dasgupta
Rajat Sharma
Social Work:
Bill Gates
Melinda Gates
Others:
David Frawley
N Gopalaswami
Civil Service
Sudha Raghunathan
Art
Harish Narendra Salve
Public Affairs
Jahnu Barua
Art
Vijay Bhatkar
Science and Engineering
Swami Satyamitranand Giri
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Subhash C. Kashyap
Public Affairs
Saichiro Misumi
Satpal
Sports
Ashok Seth
Medicine
Khadg Singh Valdiya
Science and Engineering:
Gokulotsavji Maharaj
Art
Ashok Seth
Medicine
Satpal
Sports
Manjul Bhargava
Science and Engineering
Padma Shri
Medicine:
Manjula Anagani
Jaya Kumari Chikkala
Randeep Guleria
Alka Kriplani
Yogesh Kumar Chawla
Sarungbam Bimola Kumari Devi
K.P. Haridas
Rajesh Kotecha
Tejas Madhusudan Patel
Raghu Rama Pillrisetti
Saumitra Rawat
Nikhil Tandon
Yog Raj Sharma
Hargovind Laxmishanker Trivedi
Dattatreyudu Nori
Art:
Kanyakumari Avasarala
Naresh Bedi
Sanjay Leela Bhansali
Rahul Jain
Ravindra Jain
Neil Herbert Nongkynrih
Kota Srinivasa Rao
Shekhar Sen
Prasoon Joshi
Prafulla Kar
Tarak Janubhai Mehta
Mahesh Raj Soni
Tripti Mukherjee
Pran Kumar Sharma alias Pran
Others:
Huang Baosheng
Chewang Norphel
Jadav Molai Peyang
Syedna Mohammad Burhanuddin
Bimla Poddar
George L Hart
Jagat Guru Amrta Suryananda Maha Raja
Literature and Education:
Jean-Claude Carriere
Gyan Chaturvedi
Ushakiran Khan
Bettina Sharada Baumer
Lakshmi Nandan Bora
Bibek Debroy
Sunil Jogi
Lambert Mascarenhas
Bahadur Rai
Purushothama Mallaya
Annette Schmiedchen
Brahmdev Sharma 'Bhaiji'
J.S. Rajput
Bimal Roy
Gunvant Shah
Manu Sharma
Nandrajan ‘Raj’ Chetty
Science & Engineering:
N. Prabhakar
S. Arunan
Vasant Shastri
Dr. Prahalada
S.K. Shivkumar
Jacques Blamont
Sports:
P. V. Sindhu
Sardar Singh
Arunima Sinha
Saba Anjum
Civil Services:
P.V. Rajaraman
R. Vasudevan
Ashok Gulati
Public Affairs:
Ashok Bhagat
Social Work:
Veerendra Raj Mehta
Social Work:
JH Thegtse Rinpoche
Social Work:
Meetha Lal Mehta
Social Work:
CABINET APPROVES AMENDMENTS IN MOTOR VEHICLE ACT [ GS 2 ]
The cabinet today approved the Motor vehicle(Amendment) bill 2016. The bill increases the penalty for drunken driving by five times and pro...
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Revise the vowel marks And how these vowel marks modify the letter M Lets look at five more letters. See if you can read the five words...
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Here are the letter B , NG , L and the vowel mark for AA and EE . See if you can read your first word in Bengali underneath the letter...
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In the last lesson we looked at the letters B , Ng , L , M and N . These are shown in the first line below together with another five new...